To apply a new waterproofing membrane on top of an old bitumen waterproofing membrane, the surface of the old membrane should be thoroughly cleaned and prepared. Any loose debris, dirt, or old adhesive should be removed to ensure proper adhesion of the new membrane. Once the surface is clean, a primer should be applied to promote adhesion between the old and new membranes. Finally, the new waterproofing membrane can be installed according to the manufacturer's instructions, ensuring that it is properly sealed and bonded to the old membrane to provide effective waterproofing. **

A utility knife or a sharp blade is typically used to cut the waterproofing membrane. It is important to use a sharp tool to ensure clean and precise cuts, which will help in achieving a proper seal and prevent water leakage. Care should be taken to avoid damaging the underlying surface while cutting the membrane. **

Ideally, the waterproofing membrane should be applied in dry weather to ensure proper adhesion and effectiveness. If the membrane is applied and then it rains before it has fully cured, it can compromise its ability to create a watertight seal. Water exposure during the curing process can lead to delamination, reduced adhesion, and potential leaks. Therefore, it is best to apply the waterproofing membrane when there is no rain in the forecast and allow it to fully cure before any water exposure. **

It ultimately depends on your current level of knowledge and your goals. If you already have a strong foundation in the subject and are looking to deepen your understanding, an advanced course may be more suitable. However, if you are new to the subject or looking to refresh your knowledge, a basic course would be a better starting point. Consider your learning objectives and choose the course that aligns best with your needs. **

Yes, straightened rivers can still have upper, middle, and lower courses. The upper course is typically where the river originates and flows through steep, mountainous terrain. The middle course is where the river begins to meander and flow through flatter land. The lower course is where the river flows into a larger body of water, such as a lake or ocean. Even if a river has been straightened by human intervention, it will still have these distinct sections based on its natural characteristics and flow patterns. **

The upper course of a river is typically characterized by steep gradients, fast-flowing water, and narrow valleys. It is also where the river begins, often in mountainous or hilly areas. The middle course is characterized by a gentler gradient, wider valleys, and slower-flowing water. It is also where the river begins to meander and deposit sediment. The lower course is characterized by a very gentle gradient, a wide floodplain, and slow-moving water. It is also where the river deposits the majority of its sediment and often forms a delta as it enters a larger body of water. **

The choice between an English advanced course and a Geography advanced course ultimately depends on your interests and career goals. If you have a passion for literature, writing, and language, then the English advanced course may be the better fit for you. On the other hand, if you are fascinated by the earth's physical features, climate, and human interactions with the environment, then the Geography advanced course may be more suitable. Consider your strengths, interests, and future aspirations to make the best decision for your academic and personal growth. **

The decision between an intensive driving course, a crash course, or a regular course depends on individual circumstances and preferences. An intensive driving course may be suitable for those who want to learn to drive quickly and have the time to dedicate to full-time learning. A crash course may be appropriate for individuals who need to pass their driving test urgently, but it requires a high level of commitment and focus. On the other hand, a regular course allows for a more gradual and flexible learning pace, which may be preferable for those with limited availability or who prefer a less intense learning experience. Ultimately, the best option depends on the individual's learning style, schedule, and urgency to obtain a driver's license. **